Which outcome best represents the ecological problem that would arise if predators consistently consumed prey at a rate exceeding the prey’s capacity for recovery?
1. Prey populations stabilise at a higher level due to compensatory reproduction.
2. Predator populations increase indefinitely as food availability rises.
3. Prey may go extinct, followed by predator extinction due to lack of food, destabilising the community.
4. Predator species shift to photosynthesis to survive low prey densities.

Subtopic:  Population Interactions: Predation |
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Completely unrelated species may compete for the same resource. Which example BEST illustrates this point?
1. Two closely related bird species competing for nesting sites in a cave
2. Fishes and flamingos consuming the same zooplankton in shallow South American lakes
3. Two species of grasses competing for nitrogen in nutrient-poor soil
4. A lion and a hyena feeding on different prey species
Subtopic:  Population Interactions: Competition |
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Which situation BEST demonstrates competitive release?
1. A species expanding its distribution after a superior competitor is removed.
2. A species shrinking its range after a predator population declines.
3. A species becoming extinct after a sudden disease outbreak.
4. A species reducing reproduction because resources become abundant.
Subtopic:  Population Interactions: Competition |
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Which of the following is a characteristic adaptation commonly seen in endoparasites?
1. Development of elaborate sensory systems to locate the host from a distance.
2. Increased locomotion to escape predators in the environment.
3. Formation of complex feeding organs to digest multiple food types.
4. Reduction of unnecessary organs, combined with specialised attachment structures.
Subtopic:  Population Interactions: Parasitism |
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Why is the female mosquito not considered a parasite, even though it feeds on human blood?
1. It does not remain attached to the host and feeds only briefly for reproduction.
2. It lives permanently on the host and derives all its nutrition from the host.
3. It completes its life cycle entirely inside the host organism.
4. It reduces the reproduction of the host by laying eggs inside host tissues.
Subtopic:  Population Interactions: Parasitism |
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In brood parasitism, why have the eggs of species like the cuckoo evolved to resemble the host bird’s eggs?
1. To attract predators away from the host’s nest using mimicry.
2. To increase the number of offspring produced by the parasitic bird.
3. To prevent detection and rejection of foreign eggs by the host bird.
4. To ensure that the host bird incubates only the parasite’s eggs.
Subtopic:  Population Interactions: Parasitism |
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Lichens are an example of mutualism because they consist of:
1. A fungus living with an algae or cyanobacteria
2. A plant living with another plant
3. A bacterium feeding on a fungus
4. Two fungi sharing nutrients
Subtopic:  Population Interactions: Commensalism, Protocooperation & Mutualism |
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In the fig–wasp mutualism, what does the wasp use the fig fruit for?
1. Storing nectar
2. Egg-laying and feeding its larvae
3. Hiding from predators
4. Collecting pollen for its own diet
Subtopic:  Population Interactions: Commensalism, Protocooperation & Mutualism |
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Why does the Mediterranean orchid Ophrys attract male bees?
1. The flower produces extra nectar
2. The bee uses the flower to store food
3. The bee prefers bright colours
4. The flower mimics the appearance of a female bee
Subtopic:  Population Interactions: Commensalism, Protocooperation & Mutualism |
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The attribute that distinguishes a population from an individual organism is:
1. survival 2. metabolism
3. sex ratio 4. homeostasis
Subtopic:  Population Attributes |
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