| 1. | Mimicry |
| 2. | High mobility to escape predators |
| 3. | Morphological defences like thorns |
| 4. | Rapid reproduction rates |
| 1. | They reproduce too quickly, leading to overpopulation of the mutualistic partner. |
| 2. | Cheaters exploit the benefits of the relationship without providing the necessary services in return, potentially destabilizing the mutualism. |
| 3. | Cheaters eliminate their mutualistic partners over time, causing them to become parasitic instead. |
| 4. | Cheaters ensure the mutualistic relationship remains strictly balanced and sustainable. |
| Assertion (A): | Plants like Calotropis produce cardiac glycosides as a defence mechanism against herbivores. |
| Reason (R): | Cardiac glycosides are toxic compounds that can deter herbivores by causing illness or even death if ingested. |
| 1. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) explains (A). |
| 2. | Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) does not explain (A). |
| 3. | (A) is True but (R) is False. |
| 4. | (A) is False but (R) is True. |
| 1. | Ectoparasites are adapted to survive inside the host’s body. |
| 2. | Some parasites require multiple hosts to complete their life cycle. |
| 3. | Parasites benefit from their hosts by reducing their reproductive output and overall fitness. |
| Assertion (A): | The introduction of exotic species often leads to rapid ecosystem changes. |
| Reason (R): | Exotic species lack natural predators in the new habitat, allowing them to spread unchecked. |
| 1. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) explains (A). |
| 2. | Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) does not explain (A). |
| 3. | (A) is True but (R) is False. |
| 4. | (A) is False but (R) is True. |
| 1. | Increased predation from introduced carnivores. |
| 2. | Habitat destruction caused by human settlement. |
| 3. | Overgrazing of vegetation by introduced goats, which outcompeted the tortoise for food resources. |
| 4. | Climate changes that decreased its primary food sources. |
| 1. | Rivet-Popper Hypothesis |
| 2. | Gause’s Competitive Exclusion Principle |
| 3. | Hardy Weinberg Principle |
| 4. | Verhulst-Pearl logistic equation |