| Assertion (A): | The interaction, in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefitted, is known as commensalism. |
| Reason (R): | Egrets always forage close to where the cattles are grazing, otherwise it is difficult for the egrets to find the insect and catch. |
| 1. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). |
| 2. | Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). |
| 3. | (A) is True but (R) is False |
| 4. | (A) is False but (R) is True. |
| 1. | They typically inhabit stable environments. |
| 2. | They produce a few offspring with high survival rates. |
| 3. | They have a high intrinsic growth rate. |
| 4. | They reproduce multiple times in their life and have a very long life span |
| 1. | A constant rate of growth regardless of population size. |
| 2. | An exponential growth followed by a stabilization at the carrying capacity. |
| 3. | Decrease in population size after reaching the carrying capacity. |
| 4. | A linear increase in population size over time. |
| 1. | "the more abundant species will exclude the less abundant species through competition" |
| 2. | "competition for the same resources excludes species having different life styles" |
| 3. | "no two species can occupy the same niche indefinitely when resources are limited" |
| 4. | "larger organisms exclude smaller ones through competition as in the case of large trees controlling underbrush" |
| Assertion (A): | Predators in nature are ‘prudent’. |
| Reason (R): | Predators keep prey populations under control. |
| 1. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) correctly explains (A) |
| 2. | Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) does not correctly explain (A) |
| 3. | (A) is True, (R) is False |
| 4. | (A) is False, (R) is True |
| 1. | Low, because their numbers are typically fewer than 10. |
| 2. | High, because they congregate in large flocks. |
| 3. | Average, as they share resources with other wetland species. |
| 4. | Increasing, due to favourable habitat conditions. |
| Assertion (A): | A population experiencing high natality rates will always exhibit exponential growth. |
| Reason (R): | Exponential growth occurs only when resources are unlimited. |
| 1. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) correctly explains (A). |
| 2. | Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) does not explain (A). |
| 3. | (A) is True but (R) is False. |
| 4. | (A) is False but (R) is True. |
| Assertion (A): | The tiger census in our national parks and tiger reserves is often based on pug marks and fecal pellets. |
| Reason (R): | For ecological investigations, it is mandatory to know the absolute population densities in all instances. |
| 1. | Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) correctly explains (A). |
| 2. | (A) is True but (R) is False |
| 3. | (A) is False but (R) is True |
| 4. | Both (A) and (R) are True but (R) does not correctly explain (A). |