In 1953, S. L. Miller created primitive earth conditions in the laboratory and gave experimental evidence for the origin of the first form of life from pre-existing non-living organic molecules. The primitive earth conditions created include:

1.	low temperature, volcanic storms, an atmosphere rich in oxygen
2.	low temperature, volcanic storms, reducing atmosphere
3.	high temperature, volcanic storms, non-reducing atmosphere
4.	high temperature, volcanic storms, reducing atmosphere containing CH4, NH3 etc.

According to Oparin, which one of the following was not present in the primitive atmosphere of the earth?  

The differential success in the reproduction, of an organism, in a given environment, is :

Which of the following types of natural selection reduces variation but does not change the mean value?

The wings of birds, the forelegs of a horse, and the upper limbs of humans are:

The “Biogenetic Law” was given by :

“Organisms that share common descent show underlying embryological patterns on which they build later their adult patterns”. This is :

Industrial melanism is an excellent example of ‘evolution in action’ where the selecting agent is:

Which theory, regarding the origin of life, is alternatively also called “panspermia”?

A thorn of Bougainvillea and a tendril of Cucurbita are an example of :