The part of the nephron that is least permeable to water is the:
1. ascending limb of the loop of Henle
2. descending limb of the loop of Henle
3. collecting duct
4. proximal convoluted tubule

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Bony fishes are:
| 1. ureotelic | 2. ammonotelic |
| 3. uricotelic | 4. Either 1 or 3 |
Urea in humans is synthesized in:
| 1. Kidneys | 2. Renal vein |
| 3. Liver | 4. Urinary bladder |

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The region of human kidney where you expect to find maximum osmolarity is:
1. at the top of the renal cortex
2. at the bottom of the renal cortex
3. at the top of the renal medulla
4. at the bottom of the renal medulla

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RAAS is opposed by:
| 1. | ADH | 2. | renin |
| 3. | atrial natriuretic peptide | 4. | angiotensin II |

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The most toxic nitrogenous metabolic waste product is:
| 1. ammonia | 2. urea |
| 3. uric acid | 4. methane |

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Malpighian body or the renal corpuscle is made up of:
1. Glomerular capillaries and PTCN
2. Bowman's capsule and renal tubules
3. Afferent and efferent arterioles
4. Glomerular capillaries and Bowman's capsule

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Filtration slits in the glomerular membrane are formed by:
1. The capillary endothelial cells
2. The basement membrane
3. The podocyte cells
4. Mesangial cells

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The reabsorption, from the filtrate, of sodium, glucose and amino acids:
1. involves the Bowman's capsule
2. is restricted to the loop of Henle
3. occurs mainly in the proximal convoluted tubules
4. occurs mainly by osmosis

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